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Written by D. Glendinning

Category: Book

Published: 12 May 2021

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Explanatory alphabetical list of Romano-British place-names

 

Part 8: M

Part 8a: Ma

 

[For information as to which names are included in this list and which not, and an explanation of the abbreviations employed, click on Alphabetical List menu provided above]

 

 

MACATONION

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Macatonion	Macatonion (61)				Dymock
or					(Gloucestershire)
Demacatonion

 

Note:

Rivet and Smith appear to follow Richmond and Crawford in preferring the form Magalonium, this being thought to include a hypothetical river-name Magalona, taken to mean 'noble river', Magalonium then meaning 'place on the noble river'.

 

But the macat of Macatonion appears to be a straightforward inversion-type topographical element meaning 'hill steep high'. On the assumption that the first Roman fort stood where the centre of the modern village lies (and it is assumed here that the name does indeed refer to a fort), the hill or slope in question is presumably that which goes down to the river Leadon from the fort. The modern name Dymock may just be a rearrangement of Macat, with the t changed to d and the c to ck.

It is, however, much more likely that the name was transferred to Dymock by the Romans from a nearby Iron-Age hillfort. The nearest appears to be Haffield Camp (SO 723 339) about four kilometres northeast of Dymock. The hillfort stands on the summit of a steep, high hill. Ravenna does sometimes omit the initial consonant of Celtic place-names (see Alphabetical List/Changes in names over time, paragraph 8), so the Celtic name may have been Demacatonion, meaning 'summit of hill steep, high'. Modern Dymock is then presumably derived directly from the Demac part of the old name.

 

[The entry for Macatonion was last modified on 29 July 2020]

 

 

MAGIOVINTO

(Celt)			(AI)		(Mod)
Magiovinto			Magiovinto		Dropshort Farm
			(Iter II)		(Milton Keynes)
			Magiovinio
			(Iter VI)
			Magionvinio
			(Iter VIII)

 

Note 1:

Jackson thought the first element of this name might be hypothetical British magio, probably meaning 'great'. He, and others, appear to consider the second element obscure.

 

Magiovinto is normally identified as the Romano-British town close to Dropshort Farm, on the A5 just outside Milton Keynes. The name appears to be a straightforward topographical compound in the hill-letters m and n, where the inversion-type elements mag and vint respectively mean 'hill steep' and 'slope of hill high'. The name is thus entirely appropriate for the location. The hill in question is that which rises up to Little Brickhill, identified in this study as Ravenna's Iaciodulma (95), the Celtic form of which may have been Inacisodulno. The hill-letter n in Inacisodulno and Magiovinto corresponds to the river-letter l in Lovat, the name of the river flowing past the Romano-British town (the river also being known as the Ouzel). Magiovinto is presumably the earliest of the forms given in the AI, the t simply having changed to i in the forms given in Iter VI and Iter VIII. The Iter VIII form also shows an intrusive n.

 

Note, however, that Magiovinto was probably the name of the hill-fort now known as Danesborough, to the NNE of Little Brickhill. That hill-fort stands not on the summit of a hill but on the slope, on the hillside, and the slope below the hill-fort is certainly steep. The hill-fort is thought to have been occupied from the first century BC to the first century AD (see, for example, the Pastscape website of Historic England), which would tie in well with the form of the name - both elements mag and vinto are inversion-type and the changeover from old-style to inversion-type names appears to have taken place during the second half of the second century BC. The Romans may have moved the inhabitants of the hill-fort down to the new town which they built at Dropshort farm and they may simply have transferred the name of the hill-fort to the new town.

 

Note 2:

Example of intrusive letter - n

 

[The entry for Magiovinto was last modified on 06 August 2020]

 

 

MAGIS

(Celt)				(ND)	(Mod)
Magnis				Magis	Carvoran
					(Northumberland)

Note 1:

Rivet and Smith see this name as being derived from hypothetical British magos, taken to mean 'field, plain' originally, and later 'market', the meaning of the name then being 'at the plains'. They tentatively locate the ND's Maglone at Old Carlisle and Magis at Burrow Walls.

 

However, it would appear that Old Carlisle and Burrow Walls could be fitted in to the ND list more comfortably amongst the names coming down the west coast, i.e. together with Congavata (Bowness-on-Solway), Axeloduno (Maryport) and Gabrocentio (Hard Knott). The ND list comes over from Chester-le-Street via Bowes and Brough-under-Stainmore to Kirkby Thore. It then goes via Maglone and Magis to Longovico at Lanchester. It seems much more likely, then, that the list heads north after Kirkby Thore to go via Whitley Castle to Carvoran, and then east along the Stanegate in the direction of Lanchester. If this is correct then Magis will just be a modified form of Magnis at Carvoran. No copying error need be involved here as the name Magnis may simply have developed to Magis by the time the ND was compiled. That the two names Magnis and Magis date from different historical periods seems clear, since the ND indicates that Magnis was manned by an old-fashioned cohort and Magis by a new-fangled numerus.

 

The magn element originally in Magis is an old-style element in the hill-letters m and n, where gn means 'steep hill'. The Roman fort at Carvoran stands at the top of a steep slope on the east side of the Tipalt Burn.

 

Note 2:

Example of deletion of internal letter - n

 

[The entry for Magis was last modified on 12 May 2019]

 

 

MAGLONE

(Celt)				(ND)	(Mod)
Maglone				Maglone	Whitley Castle
					(Northumberland)

Note:

Rivet and Smith appear to regard this name as being derived from hypothetical mag or magal, taken to have the general sense 'great, noble', the name as a whole perhaps meaning 'high, outstanding place' or 'noble place'.

 

But, as it stands, the name appears to be a topographical compound in the hill-letters m and l, the old-style element gl meaning 'steep hill'.

 

The name is commonly associated with the Roman fort at Old Carlisle, presumably on the basis of an inscription found there and including the text Vik Mag. This text is traditionally expanded to read Vikenses Maglonarum, though there can be no guarantee that this is correct. And indeed the name Maglone is not entirely inappropriate for Old Carlisle, since there appears to be a steep drop down from the fort to a stream which flows past the western side and part of the northern side of the fort. Nonetheless the present writer identifies Whitley Castle as Maglone. For the reasons for this see Magis. And the Roman fort at Whitley Castle is most certainly located on a steep hill.

 

[The entry for Maglone was last modified on 12 May 2019]

 

 

MAGNIS¹

(Celt)	(Rav)			(ND)	(Mod)
Magnis	Magnis (130)			Magnis	Carvoran
					(Northumberland)

Note:

Rivet and Smith see this name as being derived from hypothetical British magno, apparently taken to mean 'stone, rock'.

 

The magn of Magnis is, however, just an old-style compound in the hill-letters m and n, where gn means 'steep hill'. The Roman fort at Carvoran stands at the top of a steep slope on the east side of the Tipalt Burn.

 

[The entry for Magnis was last modified on 12 May 2019] 

 

 

MAGNIS²

(Celt)	(Rav)		(AI)		(Mod)
Magnis	Magnis (57)		Magnis		Kenchester
			(Iter XII)		(Herefordshire)

Note:

Rivet and Smith see this name as being derived from hypothetical British magno, apparently taken to mean 'stone, rock'.

 

The magn of Magnis is, however, just an old-style compound in the hill-letters m and n, where gn means 'steep hill'. Magnis will have been the name of the hill-fort in Credenhill Park Wood, a little to the northeast of the Roman fort (and later town) at Kenchester (cf. Noviomagno, the name of a new settlement down below Magno, the Maiden Castle hill-fort in Dorset). That hill-fort in Credenhill Park Wood is at the top of a steep hill. The name of the hill-fort was simply transferred by the Romans to their fort (later, town) at Kenchester. 

 

[The entry for Magnis was last modified on 22 September 2019]

 

 

MAIA

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Maga, Mada, Mala	Maia (154)				Fingland Ridge
or					(Cumbria)
Magia, Madia, Malia

 

Note:

Richmond and Crawford suggested a derivation from hypothetical British maios, comparative of hypothetical maros, the sense of the name being 'larger (one or ones)', and Rivet and Smith suggested that this might refer to the size of promontories (Bowness contrasted with Drumburgh).

 

Maia appears within a group of Ravenna names which actually defines the Trajanic frontier, so Maia was presumably the Trajanic fort up on Fingland Ridge. The Ravenna name after Maia, Fanococidi, would then be the Flavian fort at Kirkbride, simply incorporated in the Trajanic frontier as its most westerly fort. If one assumes that the i of Maia was originally some other letter, then the Celtic name may have been Maga, Mada or Mala, where mag means 'hill steep', mad means 'hill summit' and mal is just a compound in the hill-letters m and l. If, on the other hand, one assumes that there was originally a consonant between the a and i of Maia then the Celtic name might have been Magia, Madia or Malia.

 

 

MAIO

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Malio, or	Maio (120)				Workington
Matio, or					(Cumbria)
Macio

 

Note 1:

Richmond and Crawford suggested derivation from hypothetical British maios, comparative of hypothetical maros, the sense being taken to be 'larger (one or ones)'. Rivet and Smith thought this might refer to the size of promontories (Bowness contrasted with Drumburgh), though this is presumably because they equated Ravenna's Maio with its Maia, which they identified as Bowness-on-Solway.

 

The vowel combination aio is rather unusual, so one suspects that there was an additional consonant in the original Celtic name. Now, the fort at Workington stands at the western end of an area of high ground, so the name is probably topographical, the m of Maio being the hill-letter m. The name of the nearby river Derwent includes the river-letters t (changed to d), r and b (changed to v and then to w), the corresponding hill-letters being l, m and s. The hill-letter l is chronologically later than the m, so the name of the fort may have been Malio. But the name of the fort may alternatively refer to the height or steepness of the raised ground to the east, so the name may have been Matio (the t meaning 'high') or Macio (the c meaning 'steep'). But whatever the intervocalic consonant was, it was at some point omitted, thus leaving the Maio of Ravenna.

 

Note 2:

Example of omission of internal letter - l, t or c.

 

 

MAMCUNIO/MAMUCIO  see  MANTIO

 

 

MANDUESEDO

(Celt)			(AI)		(Mod)
Manduesedo			Manduesedo		Mancetter
			(Iter II)		(Warwickshire)

Note:

This name is generally considered to be derived from hypothetical British mandu, taken to mean 'small horse, pony', and hypothetical essedo, taken to mean 'war-chariot', the name as a whole perhaps meaning 'horse-chariot'.

 

Manduesedo, however, appears to be a straightforward topographical compound in the hill-letters m, n and s, where the old-style elements nd and sed both mean 'hill summit'. The name must therefore have been that of the Roman fort built up on high ground on the western side of the river Anker, the name later being transferred to the civilian settlement on Watling Street, on the other side of the river. It seems most likely, however, that the name was originally that of the nearby Oldbury hillfort and was simply transferred by the Romans to the fort which they built at Mancetter.

 

It is likely, however, that the initial M is used in an inversion-type manner and that the name of the Oldbury hill-fort was just Anduesedo. Manduesedo, meaning 'hill called Anduesedo', may then have been a new Celtic settlement (replacing the hill-fort) built on low ground at the foot of the hill. The later Roman fort will then have taken its name from that new settlement.

 

 

MANTIO

(Celt)	(Rav)		(AI)		(Mod)
Mandio	Mantio (109)		Mamucio		Manchester
			(Iter II)
			Mamcunio
			(Iter X)

Note 1:

Rivet and Smith see Mamucium as the correct form, and Jackson considered this form to be derived from hypothetical British mamma taken to mean 'breast; round, breast-shaped hill'.

 

Mantio appears to have been a Flavian fort, so it is possible that this fort was abandoned at some time and then, sometime later, a new fort was built on the site and given the name Mamucio/Mamcunio. Whether the new name had anything to do with breasts is debatable - confusion of n and m did occur in other names during medieval copying and the letters t and c are sometimes interchanged. It is thus entirely possible that the Mamc of Mamcunio was originally Mant, as in Ravenna's form. The change of the ending from io to unio would not appear to be of great significance. Note that there is a variant spelling Mancunio for the AI's Mamcunio. It does seem most likely, then, that the development was Mantio → Mancio → Mancunio, the second letter m in both AI forms just being the result of n/m confusion during medieval copying.

 

Ravenna's form may be correct as it stands, the m being the hill-letter m and ant being an inversion-type element meaning 'hill high'. However, the Manchester fort is described as being up on a bluff, so it seems more likely that the Celtic name had been Mandio, where and is an old-style element meaning 'hill summit'. But there is apparently no evidence of an Iron Age settlement on that bluff, so the place-name must have been transferred to Manchester from some other location in that region. Mandio was probably the name of the promontory fort known as Castle Steads, Bury (NGR: SD 797 130), higher up the river Irwell. The fort is up on high ground adjacent the river. Note that the hill-letters m and n of Mandio correspond to the river-letters r and l  in Irwell. The w in Irwell will earlier have been the river-letter b corresponding to the hill-letter s. The place-name may thus actually have been Masandio and the Romans will simply have transferred the name (changed at some point to Mantio) to the fort which they built downstream at Manchester. Note that nd would be the earliest element in the name.

 

Note 2:

Possible d → t

Possible confusion of n and m

Possible interchange of t and c

Example of modification of ending - io to unio

 

[The entry for Mantio was last modified on 30 March 2022]

 

 

MAPORITON

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Maboridon	Maporiton (163)				Bramham
					(North Yorkshire)

Note 1:

Rivet and Smith see this name as being derived from hypothetical British mapo meaning 'boy, youth; son' and hypothetical ritu meaning 'ford', Maporiton thus meaning 'the young man's ford' or 'son's ford'.

 

The above seems somewhat far-fetched. Maporiton appears to be a topographical name, but it has been altered. The p will have been a b originally and the b meaning 'high' comes before its hill-letter. The b thus belongs to the hill-letter r in the name and not to the m. But then borit is impossible, since t also means 'high', and a hill-letter cannot be qualified by both b and t. The t must therefore have been a d in the original Celtic name, the name thus being of the form Maboridon, where borid is an element like the name Bereda (the fort at Plumpton Wall) - it simply means 'high hill summit'. Maboridon is thus a straightforward topographical compound in the hill-letters m and r and was the name of an Iron Age hillfort or settlement at the top of a high hill. There was apparently no hillfort in the immediate vicinity of Bramham, the nearest being some six kilometres away at Barwick-in-Elmet. But wherever Iron Age Maboridon was the Romans will have transferred the name to a Roman post at Bramham. For the reason for identifying Bramham as Maporiton see Home/Chapter 15, Part 2, 11.

 

Note 2:

Example of d → t

Example of b → p

 

[The entry for Maporiton was last modified on 12 May 2021]

 

 

MARCOTAXON

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Marcotacson	Marcotaxon (224)				Castle Craig
					(Perth and Kinross)

 

Note:

The first part of this name is thought to be derived from hypothetical British marco or marca, taken to mean 'horse'. For the second element Williams suggested a derivation from hypothetical tag, taken to mean 'to rule, order, array', the name as a whole then perhaps meaning 'horse array', or perhaps, as Rivet and Smith suggest, 'assembly point for cavalry' or 'horse-trading fair'.

 

The order of names in Ravenna indicates that Marcotaxon was on or close to the Ruthven Water, a tributary of the river Earn in central Scotland. Marcotacson is a topographical compound in the hill-letters m, r and s. The earliest element of the name is acs, meaning 'steep hill', then came the inversion-type element arcot, meaning 'hill steep high', and finally the hill-letter m. Note that the river-letters corresponding to the hill-letters m, r and s are r, s and b, and the r and b appear, with the b changed to v, in the modern river-name Ruthven (the en just being a name-ending). Presumably the Celtic river-letter s changed to th at a date later than the Roman occupation. The place-name as a whole refers to a location adjacent a steep, high hill, and there are several places on the banks of the Ruthven Water which appear suitable for such a name, possibly Damside and certainly Auchterarder and Kincardine Castle. It is probable, however, that the name was that of the hill-fort now known as Castle Craig, just south of Pairney in Perth and Kinross, and was simply transferred by the Romans to a fort which they built nearby, close to the Ruthven Water. 

 

Note that it is possible that the hillfort had been called simply Acson  and that Arcotacson was a new Celtic settlement (replacing the hill-fort) built on low ground at the foot of the hill. That new settlement will later have been taken over by the Damnoni (who appear to have used the hill-letter m) and the still later Roman fort took its name - Marcotacson (Ravenna's Marcotaxon) - from the Damnonian settlement.

 

[The entry for Marcotaxon was last modified on 26 June 2020]

 

 

MARGIDUNO

(Celt)			(AI)		(Mod)
Margiduno			Margiduno		Croxton Kerrial
			(Iter VI, VIII)		(Leicestershire)

Note:

Rivet and Smith appear to follow Jackson in seeing a derivation from hypothetical marga, taken to mean 'marl', the meaning of the whole name then being 'marly fort', i.e with an earthwork of marly soil. Coates sees a derivation from hypothetical mrogi, taken to mean 'boundary', the meaning of the name then being 'boundary fort'.

 

Margiduno, however, appears to be a straightforward topographical name in the hill-letters m, r and n, where the inversion-type elements arg and dun respectively mean 'hill steep' and 'summit of hill'. The name is entirely appropriate for Croxton Kerrial, where there is a peninsula of land extending northwards from the Roman road (Margary 58a), that peninsula being bounded by steep slopes on its E, N and W sides. It is traditional, however, to identify Margiduno as a place on the Fosse Way. The writer's reasons for removing the Iter VI names from the Fosse Way are given in the entry for Ad Pontem.

 

 

MARIDUNUM

(Celt)		(Ptol)	(AI)		(Mod)
Maridunum		Maridunum	Muriduno		Carmarthen
			(Iter XII)

Note:

The first element is normally considered to be derived from hypothetical British mori, taken to mean 'the sea', and the second element is thought to be Celtic dunon, from hypothetical dunos, which is thought to have meant 'hill' originally and to have taken on the meaning 'fort' later. The meaning of the name is thus taken to be 'sea fort'.

 

But Maridunum will have been the name of the Iron Age hillfort on Merlin's Hill, a little to the east of Carmarthen, and was simply transferred to Carmarthen by the Romans. It seems highly unlikely that the place-name has anything to do with the sea. Moreover, Ptolemy assigns Maridunum to the Demetae  tribe and the Demetae used the hill-letter m (see Chapter 27). It thus seems quite clear that the m of Maridunum is the hill-letter m used in the inversion-type manner. This appears to be borne out by the only other place-name Ptolemy assigns to the Demetae, Luentinum. This name is not yet entirely clear (there is a consonant missing between the u and the e) but the final element of the name is an inversion-type place-name element in the hill-letter n₂  (nt means 'hill high') as is the dun element of Maridunum (dun means 'summit of hill'). And the first letter of Luentinum is the hill-letter l  (though this might originally have been an m, at some stage subjected to the l/m interchange). The structure of the name Luentinum is that of an inversion-type topographical place-name, so it is probably safe to assume that Maridunum is also an inversion-type topographical place-name, the earliest element being dun, using the hill-letter n₂. The hill-letter r was then added in the inversion-type manner and finally, as noted above, the Demetae added their hill-letter m, also in the inversion-type manner.

 

[The entry for Maridunum was last modified on 28 February 2021]

 

 

MAROMAGO

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Lacerocomaguve	Maromago (180)				Learchild
					(Northumberland)

Note:

Rivet and Smith appear to see this name as a corrupt form of the tribal name Vacomagi. Ptolemy places the Vacomagi in Scotland, though scholars are not in agreement as to where in Scotland the tribe lived. However, the order of names in Ravenna appears to make it clear that Maromago was not in Scotland. Richmond and Crawford took Maromago at face value and saw a derivation from hypothetical maro, taken to mean 'great', and hypothetical mago, taken to mean 'plain', the name as a whole then meaning 'great plain'. They suggested that Maromago might have been at Inveresk or at a site in the Midlothian plain.

 

But Maromago is a topographical name, though one which has been modified. The name was transferred to the Roman fort at Learchild from the Iron Age promontory fort at Brinkburn Priory, on the river Coquet. Note that the promontory fort is only about one kilometre from the Devil’s Causeway, the Roman road to Learchild. The name of the promontory fort will have been Lacerocomaguve (discussed in more detail in the entry for Coccuveda), comprising three inversion-type elements lac, roc and mag all meaning ‘hill steep’, with an uve ending. If one rewrites this as La [ce] ro [co] maguve, deletes the letters in brackets and replaces the uve ending with a simple o, one obtains the form Laromago. The l/m interchange then yields the name Maromago (cf. Celtic Lelamon → Ravenna’s  Melamoni).

 

[The entry for Maromago was last modified on 23 January 2021]

 

 

MATOVION

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Matovion	Matovion (207)				Cargill
(a river)					(Perth & Kinross)

 

Note:

Rivet and Smith see this name as a duplicate of Maulion, but prefer the form Matovion, seeing a derivation from hypothetical Celtic matu, taken to mean 'bear', the name then perhaps meaning 'bear-place'. Alternatively, they suggest the name might mean 'place of Matuvos', where Matuvos is a hypothetical name corresponding to the name Matuus, which is recorded in Latin sources.

 

But Matovion is actually a river-name, the then name of that part of the river Isla downstream from Cardean. It includes the river-letters m and t corresponding to the hill-letters n and l appearing in the name Ugrulentum, which was the fort upstream from Cargill at Cardean. The Romans simply transferred the name of the river to the fort which they built on the banks of the river at Cargill.

 

 

MAULION

(Celt)	(Rav)				(Mod)
Maculion	Maulion (202)				Malling
or					(Stirling)
Matulion

 

Note:

Rivet and Smith consider that the name Maulion might be corrupt, but if the name originally included an element Matu then it might be derived from hypothetical matu, taken to mean 'bear', the name then perhaps meaning 'bear place'. They do take the view, however, that the name is more likely to be based on a hypothetical personal name Matuvos, the meaning of the name then being 'place of Matuvos'.

 

Maulion appears, however, to be a topographical name, but there is a consonant missing between the a and the u. That consonant is most likely to have been a c or a t, thus giving a name of the form Maculion or Matulion, where mac and mat are inversion-type elements respectively meaning 'hill steep' and 'hill high'. Either form would be entirely appropriate for the location of the fort at Malling. Note that both forms would be consistent with statements made elsewhere in this study to the effect that m was the hill-letter used by the Damnoni, m being the hill-letter most recently added to the compound.

 

 

 

 

 

Details

Written by D. Glendinning

Category: Book

Published: 28 February 2021

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[If the text below uses any of the terms ‘hill-letter’, ‘river-letter’, ‘old-style name’, ‘transitional name’ and ‘inversion-type name’ a reader who is not familiar with those terms may wish to refer briefly to ‘The Celtic names of hillforts’, where an explanation of those terms is given].

 

 

 

The Celtic names of hillforts

 

Borough Hill

 

Location: immediately east of Daventry in Northamptonshire

OS map reference: SP 589 626   

Celtic name: Bandion

Source: Antonine Itinerary (Iter II) – Bannaventa

 

There are in fact two hillforts on the summit of Borough Hill, a large one taking up most of the summit and a smaller one inside the large one at its northern end. The large one is thought to date from the late Bronze Age or early Iron Age, the small one from a later date.

The name Bandion of the hillfort was incorporated in the name Bandaventena, this being the name of the stream (one of the headwaters of the river Nene) flowing north-south down the eastern side of the hill. The Romans built a new town near the stream at Whilton Lodge and simply transferred the name of the river to the new town, the known nd→nn change (cf. Cambaglanda → Amboglanna) yielding the name Bannaventa listed in the Antonine Itinerary. The river-name Bandaventena is of a known structure, comprising a river-suffix, here ventena, attached to a place-name, here Band(ion). The river-suffix ventena will be the origen of the modern river-name Nene. Perhaps the initial v of the suffix changed to n and the nen part of the modified suffix changed later to Nene. Or perhaps the t of the suffix was lost or omitted and the nena part of the modified suffix changed later to Nene. And it is probably not a coincidence that the modern town-name Daventry (Daventry is immediately west of Borough Hill) includes the davent part of Bandaventena.

Details

Written by D. Glendinning

Category: Book

Published: 08 March 2021

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Longus

Identification: river Add, Argyll

 

Longus is a place-name transferred to a river. The Epidi  tribe appear to have used the hill-letter n₂, this being seen in the old-style nd element (meaning ‘hill summit’) in Lemandonius (Lemannonius in Ptolemy), the Clauchlands hillfort high above Lamlash bay on Arran. At some time after 120BC the Epidi appear to have expanded north and west and to have founded a new settlement at Dunadd. This new settlement will have had a name such as Denconion, where Denc is an inversion-type element meaning ‘summit of hill steep’. At a later date that settlement was taken over by the Caledoni, who used the hill-letter l₁. The name of the settlement was now Lodenconion. This form, with loss or omission of de, the common c→g change and modification of the ending, became Longus. This modified place-name was then transferred to the river now called the Add.

 

 

 

[NB. Detailed information as to the different hill-letters is given in Chapter 1 and information as to how the hill-letters were combined to form compound place-names is given in Chapter 2]

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Written by D. Glendinning

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Published: 28 February 2021

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Chapter 21

Bronze Age and Iron Age structures in Romano-British place-names

 

1   Introduction

1.1     This study is concerned with the identification within Romano-British place-names of elements which refer to man-made Bronze Age or Iron Age structures. The study will use only compound place-names which include hill-summit elements, that is to say elements which include the letter d (which means 'summit' in Celtic topographical place-names) qualified by a hill-letter, where the latter may itself be qualified by b or t meaning 'high' and/or c or g meaning 'steep'. (The use of these letters in topographical place-names is explained in Home/Chapter 1).

1.2     It should be noted here that the normal chronological order of the hill-letters explained in Chapter 1 appears to be n₁, s, m, r, l₁, n₂, l₂. The last hill-letter, l₂, was used by Celts who may have come to Britain at some point after about 150BC, whereas n₁ to n₂ were used by Celts who came to Britain at different dates prior to 150BC. The n₂-people appear to have used old-style names when they arrived in Britain and to have switched over to using inversion-type names at some later date. The l₂ -people appear to have used inversion-type names from the moment of their arrival, that is to say they had switched over to using inversion-type names before they came to Britain. It seems clear that the changeover from old-style to inversion-type place-names took place sometime during the second half of the second century BC (as explained in Home/Chapter 23, 6.1). For simplicity it will be assumed here that transitional place-names were coined in the ten-year period from 130BC to 120BC, that old-style place-names and place-name elements were coined prior to 130BC and that inversion-type place-names and name-elements were coined after 120BC. (The terms ‘transitional place-names’, ‘old-style place-names’ and ‘inversion type place-names’ are explained in Home/Chapter 2).

1.3   It needs to be borne in mind that whilst the Celtic topographical place-names discussed below were applied to Roman forts or Romano-British settlements they are of course Celtic topographical names, and we cannot always be sure whether they are simply topographical names applied to features of the landscape or were actually Celtic place-names, i.e. the names of places where Celts lived, worked, worshipped or engaged in  some other activity. In general, if there is no evidence of an Iron Age hillfort/settlement or Bronze Age structure on the same site as a Roman post or Romano-British settlement, or in the immediate vicinity, then it is assumed here that the place-name was transferred from an Iron Age hillfort/settlement or Bronze Age structure located somewhere else in that same region. The Iron Age hillfort/settlement or Bronze Age structure must not be an unreasonable distance from the Roman post or Romano-British settlement and of course the topographical name must be appropriate for the actual site of the Iron Age hillfort/settlement or Bronze Age structure. But if no such Iron Age hillfort/settlement or Bronze Age structure is known within a reasonable distance then it is assumed here that the name was not  the name of an Iron Age hillfort/settlement or Bronze Age structure.

1.4   In order to avoid weighing down the text with repetitive references it is noted here that information as to individual hillforts is taken either from the Pastscape/Heritage Gateway website or from Lock, G. and Ralston, I. 2017, Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. [ONLINE] Available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk.

1.5 The analysis below uses place-names taken from the Ravenna Cosmography, the Geography of Ptolemy, the Antonine Itinerary and the Notitia Dignitatum.  Some names are given in a form restored by the present writer.  Such names are shown in italics. The restored forms were arrived at by taking into consideration the changes to which Celtic topographical place-names were subjected by the Romans, and in some cases perhaps by the Celts themselves. For the benefit of those readers who have not read other pages of this website a concordance is provided below relating each restored name to the corresponding name known from the ancient sources. The individual names are discussed in the Alphabetical List.

 

Restored	Ancient	Modern
Alvinundo	Albinumno	Welshbury Camp (Gloucestershire)
Anderelion	Anderelionuba	near Pevensey (East Sussex)
Arcusendis	Causennis	east of Grantham (Lincolnshire)
Bernemedo	Vernemeto	east of Six Hills (Leicestershire)
Bindogara	Vindogara	Irvine (North Ayrshire)
Bindolande	Vindolande	Barcombe Hill (Northumberland): later, Chesterholm
Cambroduno	Camboduno	Eccleshill (Bradford)
Cambrolanda	Cambroianna	Slack (west of Huddersfield)
Carbandium	Carbantium	Harrogate (North Yorkshire)
Cardadonecon	Ardaoneon	Harting Beacon (West Sussex)
Cerdodalia	Zerdotalia	Melandra Castle (Derbyshire)
Claducendum	Clausentum	Old Winchester Hill (Hampshire)
Combredovio	Combretovio	Baylham House (Suffolk)
Demerosessa	Demerosesa	Drumquhassle (Stirling)
Elconionemedo	Elconio Nemeto	Launceston (Cornwall)
Gambaglanda	Gabaglanda	Birdoswald (Cumbria)
Gamblidandi	Habitanci	Risingham (Northumberland)
Lacobrinda	Lavobrinta	Caer Gai (Gwynedd)
Lecilodanum	Leviodanum	Doune (Stirling)
Lindinonaco	Lintinomago	Yetts o' Muckhart (Clackmannanshire)
Litucodon	Itucodon	Thockrington (Northumberland)
Lugunduno	Dixiolugunduno	Dinsdale Park (Darlington)
Maboridon	Maporiton	Bramham (West Yorkshire)
Mandio	Mantio	Castle Steads, Bury: later, Manchester
Medibogldo/ Mediboglodono	Medibogdo	Kitridding (Cumbria)
Mugulesde	Ugueste	Stirling
Nediomano	Mediomano	Tomen-y-Mur (Gwynedd)
Nedionemedon	Medionemeton	Castle Hill (East Dunbartonshire): later, Bar Hill
Nemedonbala	Metambala	Lydney (Gloucestershire)
Omirededertis	Omiretedertis	Ham Hill/Martock (Somerset)
Segundio	Seguntio	Caernarfon (Gwynedd)
Smedriladum/ Smedriadunum	Smetriadum	Bainbridge (North Yorkshire)
Sorbilodoni	Sorbiodoni	Badbury Rings (Dorset)
Subredobiladon	Subdobiadon	Kirkintilloch (East Dunbartonshire)
Ucseludamo	Uxelludamo	Old Church Brampton/Castlesteads (Cumbria)
Velesedio	Blestio	Little Doward Camp (Monmouthshire): later, Monmouth
Vresmedenaci	Bresnetenaci	Portfield Camp (Lancashire): later, Ribchester

 

2   Analysis of the place-names  

2.1   Compound topographical place-names where the hill-summit letter d  is included in both the generic and the qualifying elements

2.1.1    Some of these names are purely old-style. The following examples come to mind:

Bindo-gladia

Bindo-lande

Cladu-cendum

Gamblid andi/Gambild-andi

Medi-bogldo (assuming this is the earlier form of Medibogdo)

Nedione-medon

Smedri-ladum (assuming this is the earlier form of Smetriadum), and

Subredo-biladon

Five of the above eight names clearly refer to hillforts, namely Bindogladia to Weatherby Castle in Dorset, Bindolande to Barcombe Hill in Northumberland, Claducendum to Old Winchester Hill in Hampshire, Medibogldo to Kitridding hillfort in Cumbria and Nedionemedon to Castle Hill in East Dunbartonshire.

Regarding the other names the points given below may be noted.

a)   Gamblidandi/Gambildandi (corresponding to Roman Habitanci at Risingham in Northumberland) may refer to the Bell Knowe round cairn, thought to date from the Bronze Age, on the summit of the hill immediately southwest of the Roman fort.

b)   As to Smedriladum if there is no evidence of an Iron Age settlement on the same hilltop as the Roman fort at Bainbridge, then the Celtic settlement may have been that immediately south of the village, but an even better location would be the summit of Addlebrough, just south of Bainbridge. However, there is apparently no clear evidence of an Iron Age hillfort at that location. But there is a Bronze Age round cairn on the summit.

c)   Subredobiladon is identified in Home/Chapter 22 as an early Antonine fortlet just east of Kirkintilloch on the Antonine Wall. The Wall fort itself stands on the top of raised ground, so it is possible that there had been a Celtic settlement at that location, but it is more likely that the name had been transferred to the fortlet from the multivallate hillfort at Carlston (NGR: NS 629 745), a little WNW of the Roman fort at Kirkintilloch.

 

It thus seems fair to conclude that old-style place-names comprising two elements including the hill-summit letter d  will refer to an Iron Age hillfort or a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.1.2   There are also place-names where the qualifying element is old-style and the generic element inversion-type, for example:

Cerdo-dalia

Carda-donecon

Dolo-cindo

Mediboglo-dono (assuming this is the earlier form of Medibogdo)

Smedria-dunum (assuming this is the earlier form of Smetriadum)

 

Three of the above five place-names appear clearly to refer to hillforts, namely Cardadonecon to Harting Beacon in West Sussex, Dolocindo to Westbury Camp in Somerset and Mediboglodono to Kitridding hillfort in Cumbria.

 

Regarding the other place-names the points below may be noted.

a) Cerdodalia will refer to Melandra Castle in Derbyshire if there had been an Iron Age hillfort on the same site as Roman Zerdotalia. Otherwise the name will have been transferred to Melandra Castle from the nearby hillfort now known as Mouselow Castle (NGR: SK 028 955) a little to the ENE of Melandra Castle, if it is confirmed that this was indeed an Iron Age hillfort.

b) The comments made above in paragraph 2.1.1(b) regarding Smedriladum also apply to Smedriadunum.

 

It thus seems safe to conclude that place-names of this kind will refer to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.2   Compound place-names where the hill-summit letter d is included only in the qualifying element

2.2.1   There are a number of place-names where both the qualifying element and the generic element are old-style, for example:

And-erelion

Bindo-gara

Cindo-cellum

Conde-cor

Credi-gone

Medio-lano

Nedio-mano

Nemedon-bala, and

Sidu-manis

 

Of the above nine place-names only Nemedonbala at Lydney in southwest Gloucestershire clearly refers to an Iron Age hillfort.

 

Regarding the other place-names the points below may be noted.

a)   Bindogara appears to have been an Iron Age hillfort in North Ayrshire, most probably that at Dundonald Castle (NS 364 345) just southeast of Irvine. The topography of the site is entirely appropriate for the place-name. The Romans will have transferred the name, modified to Vindogara, to a fort/harbour which they built at Irvine itself.

b)   Cindocellum appears to have been an Iron Age (or earlier) structure on the summit of Dumbarton Rock (NS 400 745) or the structure a little to the east on the summit of Sheep Hill (NS 435 744), this having been described as a Bronze Age dun inside an Iron Age hillfort, though opinions appear to differ on this point.

c)   Roman Mediolano was at Whitchurch in Shropshire. There is apparently no record of any Iron Age structure in the town itself. It would appear, however, that Mediolano was not a free-standing place-name in the Iron Age but was part of the name of the hillfort now known as Bury Walls (SJ 577 274), on the eastern side of the river Roden to the south of Whitchurch. The full name of that hillfort was probably Bicsimediolano, but there may have been a qualifying b (meaning ‘high’) or c (meaning ‘steep’) between the i and the o. The composite river-name of the river Roden (such names are explained in Home/Chapter 19, 11) will have been somewhat of the form Bortobicsimediolano, though the vowels used are not important. Note that the river-letters b, r and t of the river-prefix Borto correspond respectively to the hill-letters s, m and l of Bicsimediolano. The Romans took the mediolano part of the name and applied it to the fort which they built at Whitchurch. The river-prefix was transferred to a Roman post built close to the river Roden and presumably on the road from Whitchurch to Wroxeter, the name of that post appearing as Veratino (with initial B changed to V) in Ravenna and as Rutunio (with initial B omitted) in Iter II of the Antonine Itinerary. The Romans used what was left of the composite river-name after removing mediolano, namely Bortobics, to form a name for the tribe. They omitted the initial B and the hill hill-letter s, changed the t to d and the second b to v to give the modified composite river-name Ordovic, and on the basis of this form they called the tribe the Ordovices. Note that Ptolemy assigns Mediolano to the Ordovices.

d)   Roman Mediomano was the fort at Tomen-y-Mur. There is apparently no Iron Age site at that location, the nearest being the hillfort at Bryn-y-castell, Ffestiniog (SH 728 430), which is thought to date back to around 370 BC. The hillfort does indeed stand on the summit of a hill. Presumably that hillfort was called Nediomano and the Romans simply transferred the name (modified at some stage to Mediomano) to their fort at Tomen y Mur. But note that Ravenna’s Mediomano may earlier have been another Mediolano (not to be confused with the Mediolano at Whitchurch).

e)   Ptolemy gives Sidumanis as a river-name but it is likely that it is a place-name transferred to a river. The Sid element appears to be correct, though the full name might earlier have been Sidumalanis or Sidumaranis (the Trinovantes used the hill-letter l, the Iceni the hill-letter r). The Atlas of Hillforts in Britain and Ireland does not indicate any hillfort in the region around Halesworth/Holton, Suffolk, the apparent location of Sidumanis.

 

We can thus probably increase to five the number of place-names of this form which relate to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill, but this is not high enough to conclude that names of this form normally will refer to Iron Age hillforts or Bronze Age structures on the summits of hills.

 

2.2.2   Then there are names where the qualifying element is old-style and the generic element is inversion-type, for example:

El-conionemedo

Laco-brinda

L-indinis

L-indum

M-andio

M-anduesedo

Mugul-esde

Seg-undio (but may have been Se-gundio)

Velo sedio

Viro-sido

 

Three of the above 10 place-names are clearly associated with hillforts, namely Lindinis at Dundon Hill in Somerset, Manduesedo at Oldbury hillfort in Warwickshire and Velosedio at Little Doward Camp in Monmouthshire.

 

Regarding the remaining place-names the points raised below may be noted.

a)   Mandio was probably the name of the promontory fort known as Castle Steads, Bury (NGR: SD 797 130) in Greater Manchester. The fort is up on high ground adjacent the river Irwell. Note that the hill-letters m and n of Mandio correspond to the river-letters r and l in Irwell. The w in Irwell will earlier have been the river-letter b corresponding to the hill-letter s. The place-name may thus actually have been Masandio and the Romans will simply have transferred the name (changed at some point to Mantio) to the fort which they built downstream at Manchester. Note that nd would be the earliest element in the name.

b)   Roman Ugueste appears to have been at Stirling, where it presumably controlled what is thought to have been the lowest crossing point of the Forth. Iron Age Mugulesde was probably a fortification on the summit of Stirling Castle Rock, though no evidence of such a structure has yet been found.

c)   Roman Seguntio (a slightly modified form of Celtic Segundio) was at Caernarfon, but the name was most probably transferred to that location from one of the hillforts in the vicinity, for example Caer Carreg-y-Fran, Cwm Glo (SH 548 627), Caer Glascoed (SH 548 644), Dinas Dinorwig (SH 550 653) or Dinas Camp, y Felinheli (SH 519 671). The hill-letter n is most probably n₁, as in the can element of Descecanglion (the place-name which was the basis of the tribal name Deceangli) to the east (overlooking the Conwy) and possibly Nediomano to the south.

d)   Roman Virosido appears to have been at Brough-on-Noe in Derbyshire (the later of the two forts there). Sido or Sidonion may have been the Bronze Age tumulus at the summit of the hill immediately west of Brough, but may alternatively have been the Iron Age hillfort at Mam Tor, upstream from Brough.

 

We can thus probably increase to seven the number of place-names of this form which relate to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill, but this is not quite high enough for us to conclude that names of this form normally will refer to Iron Age hillforts or Bronze Age structures on the summits of hills.

 

2.2.3   And there are place-names where both the qualifying and the generic elements are inversion-type, these being:

Lecilo-danum

[Lituco-don]

Lutu-daron

[Margi-duno]

Mari-dunum

(Mili-dunum), and

(Mori-duno)

Litucodon and Margiduno are placed in square brackets above because it is not entirely clear whether they belong here or in paragraph 2.3.3 below. Milidunum and Moriduno are placed in brackets because it is not entirely clear whether they belong here or in paragraph 2.3.2 below. Leaving aside Milidunum and Moriduno only one of the above place-names is clearly associated with a hillfort, namely Maridunum at Merlin’s Hill (later, Carmarthen). One can deduce that m is the latest hill-letter in Maridunum since Ptolemy assigns Maridunum to the Demetae tribe, and the Demetae used the hill-letter m. Milidunum  at Garliford near South Molton and Moriduno at Hembury Hill, both in Devon, may well belong to this group since they were presumably in the territory of the Dumnoni and this tribe also used the hill-letter m.

 

Place-names where the qualifying element is a duno-type element, regardless of the hill-letter used, will thus normally not refer to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill. Exceptions, such as Maridunum and possibly Milidunum and Moriduno, can probably be explained by special circumstances, in this case by the displacement of n₂-people, sometime after 120BC, from the eastern side of the Severn estuary caused by expansion of the Durotriges (who used the hill-letter l₁), as evidenced by the place-name Lindinis (Dundon Hill), where the l is l₁ used in the inversion-type manner.

 

2.3   Compound place-names where the hill-summit letter d is included only in the generic element

2.3.1   In some place-names of this kind the qualifying element and the generic element are both old-style, for example:

Alvin-undo

Berne-medo

Bogr-andium

Cambrol-anda

Car-bandium

Cl-indum

Com-bredovio

Gambagl-anda

L-andini

L-indino-(naco)

L-ondinium

Ma-boridon, and

Omi-rede-(dertis)

 

The naco of Lindinonaco and the dertis of Omirededertis are left out of account since they are just new-fangled inversion-type elements added to the place-names by the people who already occupied the sites.   

 

Three of the above 13 place-names appear clearly to refer to hillforts, namely Alvinundo at Welshbury Camp in Gloucestershire, Bograndium at Braco in Perth and Kinross, and Omirededertis at Ham Hill in Somerset.

 

Regarding the other place-names the points below may be noted.

a)   The writer has suggested elsewhere on this website that the Iron Age Cambrolanda will have been the hillfort at Almondbury, south of Huddersfield. He did this on the assumption that Cambrolanda was a hillfort and in that area of relatively few hillforts Almondbury is the hillfort nearest to the Roman fort at Slack, to the west of Huddersfield. The snag here is that the archaeologists appear to take the view that Almondbury had been abandonded by 300BC. If that is correct then Almondbury cannot have been Cambrolanda since a place with that name must have been occupied during the second century BC and, indeed, presumably right up to the arrival of the Romans in that area, since otherwise the Romans are hardly likely to have adopted the name for their own fort.

b)   Regarding Carbandium at Harrogate there is apparently no record of any Iron Age structure in the town itself, but there is a possible promontory fort a little to the northeast in the Nidd Gorge. This is Gates Hill Camp (SE 332 580) on the east bank of the river. This has not yet been confirmed as a promontory fort, but if it was such a fort (and the topography of the site appears appropriate for the name) then the Romans will simply have transferred the name Carbandium (modified at some point to Carbantium) to a fort which they built in or close to Harrogate.

c)   Roman Lindinonaco appears to have been a fort in the vicinity of Yetts o’ Muckhart in Clackmannanshire. Celtic Lindino was presumably the hillfort on Down Hill (NO 001 036) a little to the NNW.

 

In light of the above it seems proper to conclude that place-names with the structure discussed in this section are not reliable indicators of the existence of an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.3.2   In other place-names the qualifying element is old-style and the generic element inversion-type, for example:

Cambro-duno

Camulo-dono 

Camulo-duno

Dem-erosessa

(Mili-dunum)

(Mori-duno)

Ser-duno

Sorbilo-doni

Ucselu-damo

 

Of the above nine place-names only three appear clearly associated with Iron Age hillforts, namely Milidunum at Garliford near South Molton and Moriduno at Hembury Hill, both in Devon, and Sorbilodoni at Badbury Rings in Dorset. But note that Milidunum and Moriduno may possibly be names like Maridunum at Merlin’s Hill, later, Carmarthen (and so belong to group 2.2.3 above), where dunum is in fact the earliest element in the place-name and the hill-letter m the latest. If this is also true of Milidunum and Moriduno then these two place-names provide some company for Mestevia at Tiverton, hitherto the only place-name in the region around Exeter, apparently the administrative centre of the Dumnoni, which indicates that the place concerned had actually been settled by the Dumnoni, who used the hill-letter m.

 

But here again it appears that place-names with the structure discussed in this section are not reliable indicators of the existence of an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.3.3   In other place-names both the qualifying and the generic element are inversion-type, for example:

Lugun-duno

Rigo-dunum, and

Vresme-denaci

 

Only one of the above three place-names is clearly associated with a hillfort, namely Vresmedenaci at Portfield Camp, southeast of Whalley in Lancashire.

 

There are too few place-names here to draw any sensible conclusion as to whether place-names with the structure discussed in this section do or do not normally indicate the existence of an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill. It is probably best to see Vresmedenaci as a special case since the qualifying element itself comprises the inversion-type element Vr qualified by the old-style compound sm. The hillfort was presumably constructed by the people who used the hill-letter s.

 

2.4   It might be more instructive to look at the different place-names on the basis of the hill letters used in the place-name elements which include the hill-summit letter d. This is done below, the names being taken from the sections indicated.

2.4.1   Name-elements in hill-letter n₁

From

2.1.1  Bindogladia, Bindolande, Nedionemedon

2.1.2  Dolocindo

2.2.1  Anderelion, Bindogara, Cindocellum, Condecor, Nediomano

2.2.2  Manduesedo, Segundio

Nediomano will be left out of account since Ravenna’s Mediomano might equally well have been another Mediolano.  But the other names, with the possible exception of Anderelion and Condecor, appear to refer to Iron Age hillforts. This is probably also true of Anderelion and Condecor, the points below being perhaps worth noting.

a)   The Anderita of the Notitia Dignitatum appears to be derived from Ravenna’s Anderelionuba, this being a river-name transferred to a Roman fort. Thus, if we are right in identifying Anderita as the Roman fort at Pevensey then Anderelion ought to be an Iron Age hillfort on the summit of a hill, or at least up on the top of raised ground, somewhere in the catchment area of the river which reaches the sea at Pevensey. But no such hillfort is shown on the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland.

b)   Condecor appears to be a straightforward compound in the hill-letters n₁ and r, where Cond means ‘steep hill summit’. Again no Iron Age hillfort is shown in the vicinity of Benwell in the Atlas of Hillforts. But there are steep escarpments on both sides of the river Tyne in the Benwell area (though set back further from the Tyne on the south side of the river), so there are several locations where the topography is entirely appropriate for the name Condecor. It is thus likely that there had been a hillfort somewhere in that area and the name was simply transferred by the Romans to their Trajanic frontier fort in the Benwell area (see Home/Chapter 8, 2; Home/Chapter 20, 3). The hillfort may have been ploughed out of sight and might even today lie concealed beneath urban sprawl, somewhere north or south of the Tyne.

 

It thus seems fair to conclude that place-names including the hill-letter n₁ in association with the hill-summit letter d will normally refer to an Iron Age hillfort or possibly a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill. There is no problem with the elements Bind/Band since here the d really will be a d, but with the element Cind/Cond one needs to be careful that the d is not a modified t meaning ‘high’, for then the element would be a transitional element in the hill-letter n₂. But so long as the Cind/Cond element is followed by an old-style element within the place-name then the d will be a d and the place-name as a whole will refer to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.4.2   Name elements  in hill-letter s

From

2.2.1  Sidumanis

2.2.2  Mugulesde, Velosedio, Virosido

 

As second or later element within the place-name

2.2.2  Manduesedo

 

We have very few place-names here, but all of them include the hill-letter s in an old-style element. Sidumanis appears to have been a Romano-British settlement in the Halesworth/Holton area of Suffolk. There is no Iron Age hillfort in that area in the Atlas of Hillforts. Velosedio refers to a hillfort and Virosido either to the Bronze Age tumulus on the summit of the hill immediately west of Brough-on-Noe or to the hillfort on the summit of Mam Tor, upstream from Brough. Mugulesde was most probably an Iron Age fortification on the summit of Stirling Castle Rock. The place-name Manduesedo refers to a hillfort but it will have been built not by the s-people but by the n₁-people who put the and element in the place-name.

 

It thus seems fair to conclude that old-style place-name elements including the hill-letter s in association with the hill-summit letter d will normally refer to an Iron Age hillfort or possibly a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill. In the case of Sidumanis it is possible that there was a hillfort somewhere in the area around Halesworth/Holton but it has not yet been discovered, or that the form Sidumanis is incorrect, or that the writer has erred in identifying the Halesworth/Holton area as Sidumanis.

 

2.4.3  Name elements in hill-letter m

From

2.1.1 Medibogldo

 

As second or later element within the place-name

2.1.1 Nedionemedon, Smedriladum

2.2.1  Nemedonbala

2.2.2  Elconionemedo

2.3.1  Bernemedo

2.3.2  Demerosessa, Ucseludamo

Medibogldo (or perhaps Mediboglodono) refers to a hillfort. Nedionemedon and Nemedonbala also refer to hillforts, though presumably hillforts built not by the m-people but by people who used the hill-letter n₁. The position with regard to Smedriladum (or perhaps Smedriadunum) is not clear. Iron Age Elconionemedo may have been a structure up on the high ground in Launceston itself, but may equally well have been a hillfort close to the Tamar in that region. Bernemedo and Ucseludamo are not obviously connected with any Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure. Roman Demerosesa was at Drumquhassle but Iron Age Demerosessa appears to have been one of two hillforts in the vicinity. The first is the hillfort known as Quinloch Muir (NS 515 813) at the top of a very steep slope dropping down to the Blane Water in Stirlingshire. The second is the Dunmore hillfort (NS 605 865) at the top of a very steep slope dropping down to the Endrick Water near Fintry, also in Stirlingshire.

 

In light of the above it seems fair to conclude that a place-name element including the hill-letter m in association with the hill-summit letter d  is not a reliable indicator of the presence of an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.  

 

2.4.4   Name elements in hill-letter r

From

2.1.2  Cerdodalia, Cardadonecon

2.2.1   Credigone

2.2.3   Lutudaron

 

As second or later element within the place-name

2.1.1 Subredobiladon

2.3.1 Combredovio, Maboridon, Omirededertis

 

Cerdodalia and Cardadonecon appear to refer to hillforts. Credigone may earlier have been Credigomone (cf. Cerma and Cermium). There is apparently no record of a hillfort on the summit of the hill at Duntocher, so if the Cred element does refer to a hillfort then the name must have been transferred to Duntocher from another location in that region. There appears to be no information regarding hillforts in the vicinity of Baylham House (Combredovio) or Bramham (Maboridon), though the name Maboridon might conceivably have been transferred to Bramham from the large hillfort some six kilometres away at Barwick-in-Elmet (SE 399 376). In the case of Wall (Lutudaron) Iron Age Lutudaron may possibly have been the hillfort known as Castle Old Fort, Walsall (SK 062 033). Subredobiladon appears to have been the hillfort at Carlston, to the WNW of Kirkintilloch and Omirededertis the hillfort at Ham Hill in Somerset, but in each case the hillfort was presumably built by the previous occupants of the site.

 

It follows that whilst more than half of the above place-names do refer, or probably refer, to an Iron Age hillfort, nonetheless a place-name element including the hill-letter r in association with the hill-summit letter d is not a reliable indicator of the presence of an Iron Age hillfort or a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.4.5   Name elements in hill-letter l₁

From

2.1.1  Claducendum

 

As second or later element within the place-name

2.1.1  Bindogladia,  Gamblidandi, Subredobiladon

2.1.2  Cerdodalia, Dolocindo

 

Claducendum was the hillfort on Old Winchester Hill in Hampshire. There is no dating information for this hillfort, but the hillfort may have been built by the l₁-people, always assuming that there had not earlier been another old-style element in front of the Clad element in the place-name. All of the other place-names indicated above refer to a hillfort or, in the case of Gamblidandi, to a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

It thus seems fair to conclude that a place-name element including the hill-letter l₁ and the hill-summit letter d will normally refer to an Iron Age hillfort or a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

 

2.4.6   Name elements in hill-letter n₂

From

2.2.2  Lindinis, Lindum, Mandio

2.2.3   Lecilodanum, Maridunum, Milidunum? Moriduno?

 

As second or later element within the place-name

2.1.1  Bindolande, Claducendum, Gamblidandi

2.1.2  Cardadonecon

2.2.2  Lacobrinda

2.3.1  Alvinundo, Bograndium,  Cambrolanda, Carbandium, Clindum, Gambaglanda,  Landini, Lindinonaco, Londinium

2.3.2  Cambroduno, Camulodono, Camuloduno, Serduno, Sorbilodoni

2.3.3  Lugunduno, Rigodunum, Vresmedenaci

 

There are 29 place-names in this group, 16 of them including the old-style element nd coined prior to 130BC and 13 including the inversion-type element duno/dono/dano coined after 120BC. Eight of the 16 place-names including the element nd seem quite clearly to refer to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill (Alvinundo, Bindolande, Bograndium, Claducendum, Gamblidandi, Lindinis, Lindinonaco, Mandio), as do 6 of the 13 place-names with a duno/dono/dano element (Cardadonecon, Maridunum, Milidunum, Moriduno, Sorbilodoni, Vresmedenaci).

 

It follows from the above that neither the nd nor the duno/dono/dano element is a reliable indicator of the presence of an Iron Age hillfort or a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill. But all of the names will of course refer to a settlement or post of some kind on the summit of a hill, or at least on the top of raised ground.

 

3   Conclusions

The aim of the present study was to determine whether some feature of a Celtic topographical place-name would indicate whether the place-name had been applied in the pre-Roman period to an Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill. The study was restricted to compound topographical place-names, place-names comprising a generic element, i.e. the later or latest element within the name, and a qualifying element coined earlier than the generic element. The analysis set out in section 2 above demonstrates that a compound topographical place-name will normally refer to an Iron Age hillfort or a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill under the following circumstances:

a)   the qualifying and generic elements are both old-style and both include a hill-letter associated with the hill-summit letter d;

b)   the qualifying and generic elements both include the hill-summit letter d, the qualifying element is old-style and the generic element is inversion-type;

c)   the qualifying element comprises an old-style element including the hill-letter s in association with the hill-summit letter d, and

d)   the place-name comprises an element including the hill-letter l₁ associated with the hill-summit letter d.

There is one further case where we can be almost certain that a compound topographical place-name refers to an Iron Age hillfort or a Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill, and that is where the generic element is old-style but does not include the hill-summit letter d and the qualifying element comprises the hill-letter n₁ associated with the hill-summit letter d. Apparent exceptions, such as Anderelion and Condecor, are almost certainly cases where we simply have not yet discovered the Iron Age hillfort or Bronze Age structure on the summit of a hill.

Other compound topographical place-names including the hill-summit letter d may or may not refer to Iron Age hillforts or Bronze Age structures on the summit of a hill. Many do, but this is not something we can deduce from the place-names themselves.

 

[This page was last modified on 20 May 2021]

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